改进型1030 MW超临界机组高加撤出的保护探讨及优化

某改进型1030 MW机组在国内属首次创新应用,制造厂家认为当高加系统撤出后,由于通流的增加可能导致过负荷从而影响机组安全运行,原机组保护逻辑中规定了当高加撤出后若机组负荷大于1030 MW延时1 min,或大于1106 MW延时10 s后触发机组主保护。上述定值并未经过实际工程考验,为了提高机组运行的可靠性和安全性,在对保护逻辑进行确认和优化的基础上,安排了800 MW工况下的高加跳闸试验。试验后对相关数据进行了分析核算,进一步完善了相关控制逻辑和定值,确定了该机组高加撤出保护的实施方案。同时也对各型机组在高加跳闸工况下的危险点进行了分析总结。     

An Evaluation of Different Controllers Based on the Network Frequency Maintenance Strategy for a Large and Multi-control-area Interconnected Power System

Abstract—Maintaining the network frequency at its nominal value due to the load changes is one of the most important issues in the control and operation schedule of a large and multi-area interconnected power system. For the effective control solution, two types of tie-line bias control strategy-based controllers have been applied, i.e., classical and improved controllers. The classical controllers using conventional regulators, including integral, proportional–integral and proportional-integral-derivative, have achieved initial control results to bring the steady state back to the network. However, due to the very poor control features (e.g., large overshoots and long settling times), they need to be replaced with improved controllers, such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural network. To obtain an entire evaluation of the application of different load-frequency controllers, a five-control-area interconnected power system was built as a typical case study. Three improved controllers using proportional-plus-integral-based fuzzy logic and artificial neural network-based non-linear autoregressive moving average (NARMA-L2) architectures as well as their hybrid combination will also be investigated in this study. Simulation results obtained reveal that the improved controllers have obtained smaller overshoots (from 13.95 to 84.18%) and shorter settling times (from 19.91 to 65.71%) compared with the classical controllers.     

Fuzzy Logic-based Electrothermal Life Model for Inverter-fed Induction Motor Insulation

Pulse width modulated adjustable speed drives used in industries lead to significant advantages in terms of performance, size, and efficiency. But, the output voltage and the current waveforms become non-sinusoidal leading to an increase in voltage and thermal stresses. This results into accelerated insulation aging and premature failure of the motors. With multiple stresses, the life models for insulating materials become complex and ambiguous. This article presents the fuzzy logic application to derive an electrothermal life model to investigate the synergic effects of voltage and thermal stresses on intrinsic aging of inverter-fed induction motor insulation. Three parameters, viz. voltage stress factor, waveform slope stress factor, and spike frequency factor, are proposed to describe the insulation stresses for pulse width modulated voltages. These parameters are computed from the experimental results at different switching frequencies and are used in fuzzy logic-based life estimation algorithms. The results of the fuzzy logic life model are verified by performing the accelerated aging test with the same pulse width modulated voltages on paper insulation. An electrothermal life model is derived from the fuzzy logic results, which can be directly used for the life estimation of any general purpose low-voltage inverter-fed induction motor insulation.     

Hybrid Fuzzy-particle Swarm Optimization-simplex (F-PSO-S) Algorithm for Optimum Design of PM Drive Couplings

This paper aimed at exploring the use of the proposed hybrid Fuzzy-Particle Swarm Optimization-Simplex (F-PSO-S) algorithm to optimize the structural design of PM couplings subject to several key design constraints. The new proposed hybrid optimization algorithm is constructed based on combining three well-known techniques: fuzzy logic (FL), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and simplex method (SM). FL is used to aggregate different scaling and/or conflicting objectives in one objective function using fuzzy combination operators. On the other hand, the PSO has obvious capabilities in global search whereas the SM has exceptional advantages in local search. As a hybrid algorithm, the F-PSO-S has the outstanding feature of combining the ability of global searching and local canvassing for different scales and/or conflicting objective functions. The proposed algorithm has been applied to permanent magnet (PM) drive couplings. A standard coupling design is used as a good initial point for the conventional SM and to define the performance constraints for the proposed optimization technique. New coupling designs are developed and optimized to show the superior capabilities of the F-PSO-S algorithm as a global optimization technique. The sensitivity analysis is also performed to identify the effects of different design parameters on the coupling performance.     

变电站智能电子设备动态重构闭锁逻辑生成多代理系统

为保证变电站二次系统功能的完整和便于设备检修,智能电子设备(IED)动态重构技术逐渐得到关注。IED动态重构需要装载并解析IED配置描述(CID)文件,因管控主机保存的CID文件关联的是变电站设计时的系统结构,不能表征电力系统动态变化,为确保闭锁逻辑的正确性,需重新生成闭锁逻辑并更新相应的CID文件。利用多代理技术,管理动态重构管控主机、数据采集与监控(SCADA)主机、电力系统拓扑校验、变电站五防闭锁规则库生成软件等功能组件,构建多代理系统,完成电力系统拓扑校验和闭锁逻辑生成等任务的交互策略与协调流程,获得闭锁规则库更新CID文件,保证动态重构IED闭锁功能的正确性,能适应变电站的改造和升级,并提供更加灵活的闭锁规则管理。     

基于PLC的蒸汽养护模糊控制器

根据混凝土电杆蒸汽养护工艺的要求,采用模糊自整定PID的控制方案,并基于S7-200PLC实现,达到了提高产品品质,降低蒸汽消耗的目的,控制方案可靠性高、鲁棒性强并具有较好移植性。     

A fuzzy logic-based droop control for simultaneous voltage and frequency regulation in an AC microgrid

Modern power systems require increasing intelligence and flexibility in the control and optimization to ensure the capability of maintaining balance between generation and load under violent disturbances. There are several inverter interfaced distributed generations (IIDGs) with local and global control loops in a microgrid (MG). Voltage and frequency of MGs are strongly impressionable from the active and reactive load fluctuations. A change in load leads to imbalance between generation and consumption. The output voltage and frequency of the IIDGs are primarily controlled by the droop characteristics. But, in case of severe changes in load, the IIDGs may be failed and the MG is collapsed. In this paper, for optimally tuning of a generalized droop control (GDC) structure and also secondary voltage and frequency controllers, the fuzzy logic technique is utilized. It is shown that the proposed fuzzy logic controller exhibits high performance and desirable response for different scenarios of change in load.     

Automating the sizing of transistors in CMOS gates for low‐power and high‐noise margin operation

This paper presents an automatic method for sizing the transistors in CMOS gates. The method utilizes a feedback control system to efficiently optimize the transistor sizes in small and large fan‐in gates, with the primary goal of enhancing noise robustness (as characterized by the static noise margin). The gates retain their robustness under threshold‐voltage variations over a range of supply voltages. The optimized gates not only expend reduced power and energy, but also take up less area than the conventional ones. These multi‐faceted gains, however, do incur some performance loss. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于梯形云模型的电能质量数据关联性挖掘方法

提出了一种基于梯形云模型的电能质量数据关联性挖掘方法。利用梯形云对电能质量指标进行等级概念区间划分,有效集成随机性和模糊性,达到软化区间边界目的。定义了基于梯形云的支持度和置信度计算公式,从电能质量数据库中挖掘关联规则,并配合使用Kulczynski量度和不平衡比作进一步相关性分析,过滤掉无意义的关联规则。通过对电能质量数据之间的关联性进行挖掘分析,可以发现电网中隐藏的运行特性,为管理部门制定决策提供有价值的信息。实例分析验证了所提方法的实用性和有效性。     

Hydrogen‐Bonding‐Driven Enantioselective Resolution against the Kazlauskas Rule To Afford γ‐Amino Alcohols by Candida rugosa Lipase

Most lipases resolve secondary alcohols in accordance with the “Kazlauskas rule” to give the R enantiomers. In a similar manner to other lipases, Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) exhibits R enantioselectivity towards heptan‐2‐ol, although the enantiomeric ratio (E) is low (E=1.6). However, unexpected enantioselectivity (i.e., S enantioselectivity, E=58) of CRL towards 4‐(tert‐butoxycarbonylamino)butan‐2‐ol, which has a similar chain length to heptan‐2‐ol, has been observed. To develop a deeper understanding of the molecular basis for this unusual enantioselectivity, we have conducted a series of molecular modeling and substrate engineering experiments. The results of these computational and experimental analyses indicated that a hydrogen bond between the Ser450 residue and the nitrogen atom of the carbamate group is critical to stabilize the transition state of the S enantiomer.